Above Three Four and Five

Have you ever noticed the three punctations above 3,4,5 on a standard US keyboard?

Yes, they are #(sharp), $(dollar), and %(percent).

You will notice that on a US keyboard, shift-4 is "$", which is the bash variable expansion character. On the keyboard, immediately to the left of "$" is "#". So, you can see that "#" is "at the beginning" of "$", and thus (according to our mnemonic), "#" removes characters from the beginning of the string. You may wonder how we remove characters from the end of the string. If you guessed that we use the character immediately to the right of "$" on the US keyboard ("%"), you're right!

So, #, which is before $, will remove characters from the beginning, and %, which is after $, will remove characters from the end of the string.

"${1##*.}"

"${1%.*}"

The bash is funny, easy while powerful. ;)

For more infomation about bash, click here.

Cygwin is not linux at all

Cygwin behaves strangely.

Gnome can not run.

Althought X works.

Collision with mingw.

Java Reference

Java passes parameters by reference which brings convinience as well as strange errors. For example:

import java.util.*;

public class Test {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Vector v = new Vector();
		int [] a = new int[5];
		for(int i=0;i<10;i++) {
			for(int j=0;j<5;j++) a[j] = i*j;
			v.add(new Obj(a)); // this won't work!
		}
		for(Iterator it=v.iterator();it.hasNext();) {
			it.next().dump();
		}
	}
}

class Obj {
	int [] a;
	Obj(int [] a) {
		this.a = a;
	}
	void dump() {
		for(int i=0;i		System.out.println();
	}
}

Well, the line

v.add(new Obj(a));

won't work as expected. Instead all arrays 'a' in 'Obj' are the same.

Change it to

v.add(new Obj(a.clone()));

so that every time a new array is passed.